![]() Accordingly, HF should be viewed as a continuous spectrum in which the specific phenotypes need to be accurately identified with the aim to improve the disease management with a more tailored approach. ![]() Indeed, HF should be more appropriately considered as the final stage of multiple disease states, characterized by distinct phenotypes on the basis of key clinical and molecular variables, such as underlying etiologies and conditions, demographic and structural features and specific biomarkers. However, this chimeric parameter oversimplifies the multiple pathways and mechanisms underlying the progression of HF. In the last decades, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has represented the principal criterion used to stratify HF, to interpret ventricular function and to identify therapeutic strategies. Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome caused by a variety of structural or functional cardiac abnormalities as a consequence of several involved pathophysiological pathways. Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.Giovanna Gallo, Massimo Volpe *, Allegra Battistoni, Domitilla Russo, Giuliano Tocci and Maria Beatrice Musumeci
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